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BSD License
For SentEval software
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# SentEval: evaluation toolkit for sentence embeddings
SentEval is a library for evaluating the quality of sentence embeddings. We assess their generalization power by using them as features on a broad and diverse set of "transfer" tasks. **SentEval currently includes 17 downstream tasks**. We also include a suite of **10 probing tasks** which evaluate what linguistic properties are encoded in sentence embeddings. Our goal is to ease the study and the development of general-purpose fixed-size sentence representations.
**(04/22) SentEval new tasks: Added probing tasks for evaluating what linguistic properties are encoded in sentence embeddings**
**(10/04) SentEval example scripts for three sentence encoders: [SkipThought-LN](https://github.com/ryankiros/layer-norm#skip-thoughts)/[GenSen](https://github.com/Maluuba/gensen)/[Google-USE](https://tfhub.dev/google/universal-sentence-encoder/1)**
## Dependencies
This code is written in python. The dependencies are:
* Python 2/3 with [NumPy](http://www.numpy.org/)/[SciPy](http://www.scipy.org/)
* [Pytorch](http://pytorch.org/)>=0.4
* [scikit-learn](http://scikit-learn.org/stable/index.html)>=0.18.0
## Transfer tasks
### Downstream tasks
SentEval allows you to evaluate your sentence embeddings as features for the following *downstream* tasks:
| Task | Type | #train | #test | needs_train | set_classifier |
|---------- |------------------------------ |-----------:|----------:|:-----------:|:----------:|
| [MR](https://nlp.stanford.edu/~sidaw/home/projects:nbsvm) | movie review | 11k | 11k | 1 | 1 |
| [CR](https://nlp.stanford.edu/~sidaw/home/projects:nbsvm) | product review | 4k | 4k | 1 | 1 |
| [SUBJ](https://nlp.stanford.edu/~sidaw/home/projects:nbsvm) | subjectivity status | 10k | 10k | 1 | 1 |
| [MPQA](https://nlp.stanford.edu/~sidaw/home/projects:nbsvm) | opinion-polarity | 11k | 11k | 1 | 1 |
| [SST](https://nlp.stanford.edu/sentiment/index.html) | binary sentiment analysis | 67k | 1.8k | 1 | 1 |
| **[SST](https://nlp.stanford.edu/sentiment/index.html)** | **fine-grained sentiment analysis** | 8.5k | 2.2k | 1 | 1 |
| [TREC](http://cogcomp.cs.illinois.edu/Data/QA/QC/) | question-type classification | 6k | 0.5k | 1 | 1 |
| [SICK-E](http://clic.cimec.unitn.it/composes/sick.html) | natural language inference | 4.5k | 4.9k | 1 | 1 |
| [SNLI](https://nlp.stanford.edu/projects/snli/) | natural language inference | 550k | 9.8k | 1 | 1 |
| [MRPC](https://aclweb.org/aclwiki/Paraphrase_Identification_(State_of_the_art)) | paraphrase detection | 4.1k | 1.7k | 1 | 1 |
| [STS 2012](https://www.cs.york.ac.uk/semeval-2012/task6/) | semantic textual similarity | N/A | 3.1k | 0 | 0 |
| [STS 2013](http://ixa2.si.ehu.es/sts/) | semantic textual similarity | N/A | 1.5k | 0 | 0 |
| [STS 2014](http://alt.qcri.org/semeval2014/task10/) | semantic textual similarity | N/A | 3.7k | 0 | 0 |
| [STS 2015](http://alt.qcri.org/semeval2015/task2/) | semantic textual similarity | N/A | 8.5k | 0 | 0 |
| [STS 2016](http://alt.qcri.org/semeval2016/task1/) | semantic textual similarity | N/A | 9.2k | 0 | 0 |
| [STS B](http://ixa2.si.ehu.es/stswiki/index.php/STSbenchmark#Results) | semantic textual similarity | 5.7k | 1.4k | 1 | 0 |
| [SICK-R](http://clic.cimec.unitn.it/composes/sick.html) | semantic textual similarity | 4.5k | 4.9k | 1 | 0 |
| [COCO](http://mscoco.org/) | image-caption retrieval | 567k | 5*1k | 1 | 0 |
where **needs_train** means a model with parameters is learned on top of the sentence embeddings, and **set_classifier** means you can define the parameters of the classifier in the case of a classification task (see below).
Note: COCO comes with ResNet-101 2048d image embeddings. [More details on the tasks.](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1705.02364.pdf)
### Probing tasks
SentEval also includes a series of [*probing* tasks](https://github.com/facebookresearch/SentEval/tree/master/data/probing) to evaluate what linguistic properties are encoded in your sentence embeddings:
| Task | Type | #train | #test | needs_train | set_classifier |
|---------- |------------------------------ |-----------:|----------:|:-----------:|:----------:|
| [SentLen](https://github.com/facebookresearch/SentEval/tree/master/data/probing) | Length prediction | 100k | 10k | 1 | 1 |
| [WC](https://github.com/facebookresearch/SentEval/tree/master/data/probing) | Word Content analysis | 100k | 10k | 1 | 1 |
| [TreeDepth](https://github.com/facebookresearch/SentEval/tree/master/data/probing) | Tree depth prediction | 100k | 10k | 1 | 1 |
| [TopConst](https://github.com/facebookresearch/SentEval/tree/master/data/probing) | Top Constituents prediction | 100k | 10k | 1 | 1 |
| [BShift](https://github.com/facebookresearch/SentEval/tree/master/data/probing) | Word order analysis | 100k | 10k | 1 | 1 |
| [Tense](https://github.com/facebookresearch/SentEval/tree/master/data/probing) | Verb tense prediction | 100k | 10k | 1 | 1 |
| [SubjNum](https://github.com/facebookresearch/SentEval/tree/master/data/probing) | Subject number prediction | 100k | 10k | 1 | 1 |
| [ObjNum](https://github.com/facebookresearch/SentEval/tree/master/data/probing) | Object number prediction | 100k | 10k | 1 | 1 |
| [SOMO](https://github.com/facebookresearch/SentEval/tree/master/data/probing) | Semantic odd man out | 100k | 10k | 1 | 1 |
| [CoordInv](https://github.com/facebookresearch/SentEval/tree/master/data/probing) | Coordination Inversion | 100k | 10k | 1 | 1 |
## Download datasets
To get all the transfer tasks datasets, run (in data/downstream/):
```bash
./get_transfer_data.bash
```
This will automatically download and preprocess the downstream datasets, and store them in data/downstream (warning: for MacOS users, you may have to use p7zip instead of unzip). The probing tasks are already in data/probing by default.
## How to use SentEval: examples
### examples/bow.py
In examples/bow.py, we evaluate the quality of the average of word embeddings.
To download state-of-the-art fastText embeddings:
```bash
curl -Lo glove.840B.300d.zip http://nlp.stanford.edu/data/glove.840B.300d.zip
curl -Lo crawl-300d-2M.vec.zip https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/fasttext-vectors/crawl-300d-2M.vec.zip
```
To reproduce the results for bag-of-vectors, run (in examples/):
```bash
python bow.py
```
As required by SentEval, this script implements two functions: **prepare** (optional) and **batcher** (required) that turn text sentences into sentence embeddings. Then SentEval takes care of the evaluation on the transfer tasks using the embeddings as features.
### examples/infersent.py
To get the **[InferSent](https://www.github.com/facebookresearch/InferSent)** model and reproduce our results, download our best models and run infersent.py (in examples/):
```bash
curl -Lo examples/infersent1.pkl https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/senteval/infersent/infersent1.pkl
curl -Lo examples/infersent2.pkl https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/senteval/infersent/infersent2.pkl
```
### examples/skipthought.py - examples/gensen.py - examples/googleuse.py
We also provide example scripts for three other encoders:
* [SkipThought with Layer-Normalization](https://github.com/ryankiros/layer-norm#skip-thoughts) in Theano
* [GenSen encoder](https://github.com/Maluuba/gensen) in Pytorch
* [Google encoder](https://tfhub.dev/google/universal-sentence-encoder/1) in TensorFlow
Note that for SkipThought and GenSen, following the steps of the associated githubs is necessary.
The Google encoder script should work as-is.
## How to use SentEval
To evaluate your sentence embeddings, SentEval requires that you implement two functions:
1. **prepare** (sees the whole dataset of each task and can thus construct the word vocabulary, the dictionary of word vectors etc)
2. **batcher** (transforms a batch of text sentences into sentence embeddings)
### 1.) prepare(params, samples) (optional)
*batcher* only sees one batch at a time while the *samples* argument of *prepare* contains all the sentences of a task.
```
prepare(params, samples)
```
* *params*: senteval parameters.
* *samples*: list of all sentences from the tranfer task.
* *output*: No output. Arguments stored in "params" can further be used by *batcher*.
*Example*: in bow.py, prepare is is used to build the vocabulary of words and construct the "params.word_vect* dictionary of word vectors.
### 2.) batcher(params, batch)
```
batcher(params, batch)
```
* *params*: senteval parameters.
* *batch*: numpy array of text sentences (of size params.batch_size)
* *output*: numpy array of sentence embeddings (of size params.batch_size)
*Example*: in bow.py, batcher is used to compute the mean of the word vectors for each sentence in the batch using params.word_vec. Use your own encoder in that function to encode sentences.
### 3.) evaluation on transfer tasks
After having implemented the batch and prepare function for your own sentence encoder,
1) to perform the actual evaluation, first import senteval and set its parameters:
```python
import senteval
params = {'task_path': PATH_TO_DATA, 'usepytorch': True, 'kfold': 10}
```
2) (optional) set the parameters of the classifier (when applicable):
```python
params['classifier'] = {'nhid': 0, 'optim': 'adam', 'batch_size': 64,
'tenacity': 5, 'epoch_size': 4}
```
You can choose **nhid=0** (Logistic Regression) or **nhid>0** (MLP) and define the parameters for training.
3) Create an instance of the class SE:
```python
se = senteval.engine.SE(params, batcher, prepare)
```
4) define the set of transfer tasks and run the evaluation:
```python
transfer_tasks = ['MR', 'SICKEntailment', 'STS14', 'STSBenchmark']
results = se.eval(transfer_tasks)
```
The current list of available tasks is:
```python
['CR', 'MR', 'MPQA', 'SUBJ', 'SST2', 'SST5', 'TREC', 'MRPC', 'SNLI',
'SICKEntailment', 'SICKRelatedness', 'STSBenchmark', 'ImageCaptionRetrieval',
'STS12', 'STS13', 'STS14', 'STS15', 'STS16',
'Length', 'WordContent', 'Depth', 'TopConstituents','BigramShift', 'Tense',
'SubjNumber', 'ObjNumber', 'OddManOut', 'CoordinationInversion']
```
## SentEval parameters
Global parameters of SentEval:
```bash
# senteval parameters
task_path # path to SentEval datasets (required)
seed # seed
usepytorch # use cuda-pytorch (else scikit-learn) where possible
kfold # k-fold validation for MR/CR/SUB/MPQA.
```
Parameters of the classifier:
```bash
nhid: # number of hidden units (0: Logistic Regression, >0: MLP); Default nonlinearity: Tanh
optim: # optimizer ("sgd,lr=0.1", "adam", "rmsprop" ..)
tenacity: # how many times dev acc does not increase before training stops
epoch_size: # each epoch corresponds to epoch_size pass on the train set
max_epoch: # max number of epoches
dropout: # dropout for MLP
```
Note that to get a proxy of the results while **dramatically reducing computation time**,
we suggest the **prototyping config**:
```python
params = {'task_path': PATH_TO_DATA, 'usepytorch': True, 'kfold': 5}
params['classifier'] = {'nhid': 0, 'optim': 'rmsprop', 'batch_size': 128,
'tenacity': 3, 'epoch_size': 2}
```
which will results in a 5 times speedup for classification tasks.
To produce results that are **comparable to the literature**, use the **default config**:
```python
params = {'task_path': PATH_TO_DATA, 'usepytorch': True, 'kfold': 10}
params['classifier'] = {'nhid': 0, 'optim': 'adam', 'batch_size': 64,
'tenacity': 5, 'epoch_size': 4}
```
which takes longer but will produce better and comparable results.
For probing tasks, we used an MLP with a Sigmoid nonlinearity and and tuned the nhid (in [50, 100, 200]) and dropout (in [0.0, 0.1, 0.2]) on the dev set.
## References
Please considering citing [[1]](https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.05449) if using this code for evaluating sentence embedding methods.
### SentEval: An Evaluation Toolkit for Universal Sentence Representations
[1] A. Conneau, D. Kiela, [*SentEval: An Evaluation Toolkit for Universal Sentence Representations*](https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.05449)
```
@article{conneau2018senteval,
title={SentEval: An Evaluation Toolkit for Universal Sentence Representations},
author={Conneau, Alexis and Kiela, Douwe},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1803.05449},
year={2018}
}
```
Contact: [aconneau@fb.com](mailto:aconneau@fb.com), [dkiela@fb.com](mailto:dkiela@fb.com)
### Related work
* [J. R Kiros, Y. Zhu, R. Salakhutdinov, R. S. Zemel, A. Torralba, R. Urtasun, S. Fidler - SkipThought Vectors, NIPS 2015](https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.06726)
* [S. Arora, Y. Liang, T. Ma - A Simple but Tough-to-Beat Baseline for Sentence Embeddings, ICLR 2017](https://openreview.net/pdf?id=SyK00v5xx)
* [Y. Adi, E. Kermany, Y. Belinkov, O. Lavi, Y. Goldberg - Fine-grained analysis of sentence embeddings using auxiliary prediction tasks, ICLR 2017](https://arxiv.org/abs/1608.04207)
* [A. Conneau, D. Kiela, L. Barrault, H. Schwenk, A. Bordes - Supervised Learning of Universal Sentence Representations from Natural Language Inference Data, EMNLP 2017](https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.02364)
* [S. Subramanian, A. Trischler, Y. Bengio, C. J Pal - Learning General Purpose Distributed Sentence Representations via Large Scale Multi-task Learning, ICLR 2018](https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.00079)
* [A. Nie, E. D. Bennett, N. D. Goodman - DisSent: Sentence Representation Learning from Explicit Discourse Relations, 2018](https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.04334)
* [D. Cer, Y. Yang, S. Kong, N. Hua, N. Limtiaco, R. St. John, N. Constant, M. Guajardo-Cespedes, S. Yuan, C. Tar, Y. Sung, B. Strope, R. Kurzweil - Universal Sentence Encoder, 2018](https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.11175)
* [A. Conneau, G. Kruszewski, G. Lample, L. Barrault, M. Baroni - What you can cram into a single vector: Probing sentence embeddings for linguistic properties, ACL 2018](https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.01070)
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\par }{\loch\af2\insrsid6188942\charrsid6188942
\par \hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 This Microsoft Research Shared Source license agreement ("MSR-SSLA") is a legal agreement between you and Microsoft Corporation ("Microsoft" or "we") for the software or data identified above, which may include so
\hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 urce code, and any associated materials, text or speech files, associated media and "online" or electronic documentation and any updates we provide in our discretion (together, the "Software").
\par
\par \hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 By installing, copying, or otherwise using this Software, \hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2
found at http://research.microsoft.com/downloads, you agree to be bound by the terms of this MSR-SSLA. If you do not agree, do not install copy or use the Software. The Software is protected by copyright and other intellectual property laws and is license
\hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 d\hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 , not sold.
\par
\par \hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 SCOPE OF RIGHTS:
\par \hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 You may use, copy, reproduce, and distribute this Software for any non-commercial purpose, subject to the restrictions in this MSR-SSLA. Some purposes which can be non-commercial are teaching, academic research, public
\hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2
demonstrations and personal experimentation. You may also distribute this Software with books or other teaching materials, or publish the Software on websites, that are intended to teach the use of the Software for academic or other non-commercial purpose
\hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 s\hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 .
\par \hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2
You may not use or distribute this Software or any derivative works in any form for commercial purposes. Examples of commercial purposes would be running business operations, licensing, leasing, or selling the Software, distributing the Software for use
\hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 with commercial products, using the Software in the creation or use of commercial products or any other activity which purpose is to procure a commercial gain to you or others.
\par \hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 If the Software includes source code or data, you may create derivative works\hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 of such portions of the Software and distribute the modified Software for non-commercial purposes, as provided herein.
\par
\par \hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 In return, we simply require that you agree:
\par \hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 1. That you will not remove any copyright or other notices from the Software.
\par \hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 2. That\hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2
if any of the Software is in binary format, you will not attempt to modify such portions of the Software, or to reverse engineer or decompile them, except and only to the extent authorized by applicable law.
\par \hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 3. That if you distribute the Software or any\hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2
derivative works of the Software, you will distribute them under the same terms and conditions as in this license, and you will not grant other rights to the Software or derivative works that are different from those provided by this MSR-SSLA.
\par \hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 4. That i\hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2
f you have created derivative works of the Software, and distribute such derivative works, you will cause the modified files to carry prominent notices so that recipients know that they are not receiving the original Software. Such notices must state: (i)
\hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 \hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 that you have changed the Software; and (ii) the date of any changes.
\par \hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 5. That Microsoft is granted back, without any restrictions or limitations, a non-exclusive, perpetual, irrevocable, royalty-free, assignable and sub-licensable license, to reproduce, p\hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2
ublicly perform or display, install, use, modify, distribute, make and have made, sell and transfer your modifications to and/or derivative works of the Software source code or data, for any purpose.
\par \hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 6. That any feedback about the Software provided by y\hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2
ou to us is voluntarily given, and Microsoft shall be free to use the feedback as it sees fit without obligation or restriction of any kind, even if the feedback is designated by you as confidential.
\par \hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 7. THAT THE SOFTWARE COMES "AS IS", WITH NO WARRANTIES\hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2
. THIS MEANS NO EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY WARRANTY, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ANY WARRANTY AGAINST INTERFERENCE WITH YOUR ENJOYMENT OF THE SOFTWARE OR ANY WARRANTY OF TITLE OR NON-
\hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 I\hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2
NFRINGEMENT. THERE IS NO WARRANTY THAT THIS SOFTWARE WILL FULFILL ANY OF YOUR PARTICULAR PURPOSES OR NEEDS. ALSO, YOU MUST PASS THIS DISCLAIMER ON WHENEVER YOU DISTRIBUTE THE SOFTWARE OR DERIVATIVE WORKS.
\par \hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 8. THAT NEITHER MICROSOFT NOR ANY CONTRIBUTOR TO T\hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2
HE SOFTWARE WILL BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES RELATED TO THE SOFTWARE OR THIS MSR-SSLA, INCLUDING DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT THE LAW PERMITS, NO MATTER WHAT LEGAL THEORY IT IS BASED ON. ALSO, YOU MUS
\hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 T\hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 PASS THIS LIMITATION OF LIABILITY ON WHENEVER YOU DISTRIBUTE THE SOFTWARE OR DERIVATIVE WORKS.
\par \hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 9. That we have no duty of reasonable care or lack of negligence, and we are not obligated to (and will not) provide technical support for the Software.
\par \hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 10. T\hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2
hat if you breach this MSR-SSLA or if you sue anyone over patents that you think may apply to or read on the Software or anyone's use of the Software, this MSR-SSLA (and your license and rights obtained herein) terminate automatically. Upon any such term
\hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 i\hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 nation, you shall destroy all of your copies of the Software immediately. Sections 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13 and 14 of this MSR-SSLA shall survive any termination of this MSR-SSLA.
\par \hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 11. That the patent rights, if any, granted to you in this MSR-SSLA only appl\hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 y to the Software, not to any derivative works you make.
\par \hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 12. That the Software may be subject to U.S. export jurisdiction at the time it is licensed to you, and it may be subject to additional export or import laws in other places. You agree to comply wit\hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2
h all such laws and regulations that may apply to the Software after delivery of the software to you.
\par \hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 13. That all rights not expressly granted to you in this MSR-SSLA are reserved.
\par \hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 14. That this MSR-SSLA shall be construed and controlled by the laws of \hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2
the State of Washington, USA, without regard to conflicts of law. If any provision of this MSR-SSLA shall be deemed unenforceable or contrary to law, the rest of this MSR-SSLA shall remain in full effect and interpreted in an enforceable manner that most
\hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 \hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 nearly captures the intent of the original language.
\par
\par
\par \hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 \hich\f2 Copyright \'a9\loch\f2 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved\hich\af2\dbch\af11\loch\f2 .}{\loch\af2\insrsid6188942
\par }}
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